When considering the advantages of U.S. Treasury savings bonds, you may appreciate their relative safety, simplicity and government backing. However, like all interest-bearing investments, savings bonds come with tax implications that are important to understand.

Deferred interest

Series EE Bonds dated May 2005 and after earn a fixed rate of interest. Bonds purchased between May 1997 and April 30, 2005, earn a variable market-based rate of return.

Paper Series EE Bonds, issued between 1980 and 2012, were sold at half their face value. For example, you paid $25 for a $50 bond. The bond isn’t worth its face value until it matures. New electronic EE Bonds earn a fixed rate of interest that’s set before you buy the bond. They earn that rate for the first 20 years, and the U.S. Treasury may change the rate for the last 10 years of the bond’s 30-year life. Electronic EE bonds are sold at their face value. For example, you pay $100 for a $100 bond.

The minimum ownership term is one year, but a penalty is imposed if the bond is redeemed in the first five years.

Series EE bonds don’t pay interest currently. Instead, accrued interest is reflected in the redemption value of the bond. The U.S. Treasury issues tables showing redemption values. Series EE bond interest isn’t taxed as it accrues unless the owner elects to have it taxed annually. If the election is made, all previously accrued but untaxed interest is reported in the election year. In most cases, the election isn’t made so that the benefit of tax deferral can be enjoyed. On the other hand, if the bond is owned by a taxpayer with little or no other current income, it may be beneficial to incur the income in low or no tax years to avoid future inclusion. This may be the case with bonds owned by children, although the “kiddie tax” may apply.

If the election isn’t made, all the accrued interest is taxed when the bond is redeemed or otherwise disposed of (unless it was exchanged for a Series HH bond). The bond continues to accrue interest even after reaching its face value but at “final maturity” (after 30 years) interest stops accruing and must be reported (again, unless it was exchanged for an HH bond).

If you own EE bonds (paper or electronic), check the issue dates on your bonds. If they’re no longer earning interest, you probably want to redeem them and put the money into something more profitable.

Bonds adjusted for inflation 

Series I savings bonds are designed to offer a rate of return over and above inflation. The earnings rate is a combination of a fixed rate, which will apply for the life of the bond, and the inflation rate. Rates are announced each May 1 and November 1.

Series I bonds are issued at par (face amount). An owner of Series I bonds may either:

1. Defer reporting the increase in the redemption value (interest) to the year of final maturity, redemption or other disposition, whichever is earlier, or
2. Elect to report the increase each year as it accrues.

If the second choice is made, the election applies to all Series I bonds then owned by the taxpayer, those acquired later, and any other obligations purchased on a discount basis, (for example, Series EE bonds). You can’t change to the first option unless you follow a specific IRS procedure.

State and local taxes, education expenses

Although the interest on EE and I bonds is taxable for federal income tax purposes, it’s exempt from state and local taxes.

And using the money for higher education may keep you from paying federal income tax on the interest. However, there’s an income limit for this tax break. In 2025, the interest exclusion from U.S. savings bonds for taxpayers who pay qualified higher education expenses begins to phase out for modified adjusted gross incomes (MAGIs) above $149,250 for joint returns and $99,500 for all other returns. (These are up from $145,200 and $96,800, respectively, in 2024.) The exclusion in 2025 is completely phased out for MAGIs of $179,250 or more for joint returns and $114,500 or more for all other returns. (These are up from $175,200 and $111,800, respectively, in 2024.)

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